{
  "name": "AI Verification Tech Map",
  "schema_version": "1.2.0",
  "rubric_version": "1.1",
  "generated": "2026-09-29T17:15:50.294Z",
  "includes_drafts": true,
  "license": "CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)",
  "notes": "url is the record's page on this site; a source record gives the original work's link in source_url. Fields marked assessment:true are editorial judgments under the published rubric, not statements of fact. flags_all includes computed flags (review-overdue, critical-flaw-open). provenance.reviewed_by and readiness.assessed_by list reviewers by handle, including AI agents such as codex-review; an agent review is not independent expert review.",
  "records": [
    {
      "id": "M-0014",
      "type": "mechanism",
      "slug": "bandwidth-limits-and-compartmentalization",
      "title": "Bandwidth limits and compartmentalization",
      "one_liner": "Capping or removing network links between groups of accelerators, so that serving within each group still works but large training across groups becomes far slower.",
      "category": "isolation-architecture",
      "readiness_level": "R2",
      "readiness_scope": "detecting traffic above a limit between accelerator groups, not enforcing a cap",
      "flags": [],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/mechanisms/bandwidth-limits-and-compartmentalization/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/mechanism/M-0014.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "M-0024",
      "type": "mechanism",
      "slug": "bounding-unexplained-information",
      "title": "Bounding unexplained information in outputs",
      "one_liner": "Limits the hidden information a facility's outputs can carry by measuring how much of those outputs the declared computation fails to predict.",
      "category": "isolation-architecture",
      "readiness_level": "R2",
      "readiness_scope": "bounding how much hidden information can leave in checked inference outputs",
      "flags": [],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/mechanisms/bounding-unexplained-information/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/mechanism/M-0024.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "M-0018",
      "type": "mechanism",
      "slug": "chip-location-verification",
      "title": "Chip location verification",
      "one_liner": "Timing a chip's signed replies to trusted servers at known places, so that the speed of light bounds how far away the chip can be.",
      "category": "accounting-provenance",
      "readiness_level": "R1",
      "readiness_scope": "bounding how far a chip is from trusted landmark servers when checked",
      "flags": [],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/mechanisms/chip-location-verification/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/mechanism/M-0018.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "M-0019",
      "type": "mechanism",
      "slug": "chip-registries-and-manufacturing-records",
      "title": "Chip registries and manufacturing records",
      "one_liner": "Recording each AI chip's identity and owner from the fab onwards, and cryptographically fixing manufacturing records, so that chips can be accounted for later.",
      "category": "accounting-provenance",
      "readiness_level": "R1",
      "readiness_scope": "a checkable record of which chips were made and who declared owning them",
      "flags": [],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/mechanisms/chip-registries-and-manufacturing-records/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/mechanism/M-0019.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "M-0025",
      "type": "mechanism",
      "slug": "confidential-multi-party-verification",
      "title": "Confidential multi-party verification",
      "one_liner": "Lets mutually distrusting parties run an agreed check over private models or records inside attested enclaves or zero-knowledge proofs, revealing only the result.",
      "category": "cryptographic-computational",
      "readiness_level": "R2",
      "readiness_scope": "audits or evaluations of a private model that reveal neither party's inputs",
      "flags": [],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/mechanisms/confidential-multi-party-verification/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/mechanism/M-0025.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "M-0002",
      "type": "mechanism",
      "slug": "deterministic-inference",
      "title": "Deterministic and bit-exact inference",
      "one_liner": "Making model inference reproducible bit for bit, so that a verifier's re-run must match the provider's output exactly rather than approximately.",
      "category": "cryptographic-computational",
      "readiness_level": "R3",
      "readiness_scope": "exact-replay checks that the declared model and setup produced the outputs",
      "flags": [
        "provider-reported"
      ],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/mechanisms/deterministic-inference/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/mechanism/M-0002.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "M-0009",
      "type": "mechanism",
      "slug": "flexheg-guarantee-processors",
      "title": "Hardware-enabled guarantees (flexHEG) and guarantee processors",
      "one_liner": "Proposed chip add-ons, a guarantee processor inside a tamper-protected enclosure, that would check and enforce agreed rules on how AI accelerators are used.",
      "category": "on-chip",
      "readiness_level": "R1",
      "readiness_scope": "checking and enforcing training-compute limits on chips, against adversaries up to states",
      "flags": [],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/mechanisms/flexheg-guarantee-processors/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/mechanism/M-0009.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "M-0011",
      "type": "mechanism",
      "slug": "hardware-performance-throttling",
      "title": "Hardware performance throttling and licensing",
      "one_liner": "On-chip mechanisms that cut an AI accelerator's performance when a license expires or a trusted trigger fires, bounding what the hardware can do.",
      "category": "on-chip",
      "readiness_level": "R1",
      "readiness_scope": "performance limits a verifier can rely on, against an operator trying to bypass them",
      "flags": [],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/mechanisms/hardware-performance-throttling/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/mechanism/M-0011.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "M-0015",
      "type": "mechanism",
      "slug": "memory-wiping-and-secure-erasure",
      "title": "Memory wiping and proofs of secure erasure",
      "one_liner": "Overwriting a device's memory in a way a verifier can check, so that data from earlier, undeclared work cannot persist in memory the wipe reaches.",
      "category": "isolation-architecture",
      "readiness_level": "R1",
      "readiness_scope": "showing that no data from earlier work persists in memory the wipe reaches",
      "flags": [],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/mechanisms/memory-wiping-and-secure-erasure/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/mechanism/M-0015.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "M-0012",
      "type": "mechanism",
      "slug": "model-identity-attestation",
      "title": "Model identity attestation",
      "one_liner": "Establishes that responses come from a specific, committed set of model weights, using enclave measurements or recomputation of sampled outputs.",
      "category": "cryptographic-computational",
      "readiness_level": "R3",
      "readiness_scope": "showing users that a service runs the declared model weights",
      "flags": [
        "provider-reported",
        "critical-flaw-open"
      ],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/mechanisms/model-identity-attestation/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/mechanism/M-0012.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "M-0013",
      "type": "mechanism",
      "slug": "network-taps-and-certifiers",
      "title": "Network taps and certifiers",
      "one_liner": "Devices on a cluster's network links that copy and hash all traffic, so a verifier can later check sampled records against declared work.",
      "category": "off-chip-devices",
      "readiness_level": "R1",
      "readiness_scope": "committing a complete record of cluster traffic, so declared inference can be checked",
      "flags": [],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/mechanisms/network-taps-and-certifiers/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/mechanism/M-0013.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "M-0010",
      "type": "mechanism",
      "slug": "on-chip-telemetry",
      "title": "On-chip telemetry from timing, memory and performance counters",
      "one_liner": "Uses timing, memory-residency and performance-counter signals measured on AI accelerators as evidence about which workloads they are running.",
      "category": "on-chip",
      "readiness_level": "R2",
      "readiness_scope": "a verifier reading workload evidence from GPUs that a hostile operator controls",
      "flags": [
        "critical-flaw-open"
      ],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/mechanisms/on-chip-telemetry/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/mechanism/M-0010.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "M-0006",
      "type": "mechanism",
      "slug": "proof-of-learning",
      "title": "Training-transcript verification (proof-of-learning)",
      "one_liner": "A trainer logs checkpoints, data order and settings, so a verifier can re-run sampled training segments and check that the claimed training happened.",
      "category": "cryptographic-computational",
      "readiness_level": "R2",
      "readiness_scope": "checking from its transcript that a training run followed declared rules",
      "flags": [
        "critical-flaw-open"
      ],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/mechanisms/proof-of-learning/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/mechanism/M-0006.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "M-0007",
      "type": "mechanism",
      "slug": "proofs-of-useful-work",
      "title": "Proofs of useful work for capacity accounting",
      "one_liner": "Cryptographic evidence that a given amount of matrix-multiplication work was completed, proposed as one input to accounting for spare capacity on declared hardware.",
      "category": "cryptographic-computational",
      "readiness_level": "R1",
      "readiness_scope": "bounding the spare capacity of declared hardware that could run training",
      "flags": [
        "provider-reported"
      ],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/mechanisms/proofs-of-useful-work/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/mechanism/M-0007.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "M-0020",
      "type": "mechanism",
      "slug": "remote-detection-of-data-centres",
      "title": "Remote detection of data centres",
      "one_liner": "Remote detection locates large data centres and estimates their power capacity without site access, using satellite imagery, heat signatures and public records such as permits.",
      "category": "remote-sensing",
      "readiness_level": "R1",
      "readiness_scope": "finding undeclared data centres (capacity estimates for known sites would meet at least R2)",
      "flags": [],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/mechanisms/remote-detection-of-data-centres/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/mechanism/M-0020.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "M-0003",
      "type": "mechanism",
      "slug": "reproducible-computation-packets",
      "title": "Whole-workload recomputation (reproducible packets)",
      "one_liner": "Organizing all AI workloads in a facility into discrete, reproducible units, so that a verifier can recompute a random sample and check each one.",
      "category": "isolation-architecture",
      "readiness_level": "R1",
      "readiness_scope": "recomputing whole workloads to show a cluster runs only declared inference",
      "flags": [],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/mechanisms/reproducible-computation-packets/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/mechanism/M-0003.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "M-0023",
      "type": "mechanism",
      "slug": "safeguard-attestation",
      "title": "Safeguard attestation",
      "one_liner": "Hardware-signed evidence that an AI service ran its declared safeguards, such as a guardrail classifier or monitor, when producing a given response.",
      "category": "cryptographic-computational",
      "readiness_level": "R2",
      "readiness_scope": "attesting that a declared safeguard mediated a service's responses",
      "flags": [
        "provider-reported"
      ],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/mechanisms/safeguard-attestation/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/mechanism/M-0023.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "M-0001",
      "type": "mechanism",
      "slug": "sampled-inference-recomputation",
      "title": "Sampled inference recomputation",
      "one_liner": "A verifier re-runs a random sample of an AI provider's logged queries on a trusted copy of the declared model and checks the outputs match.",
      "category": "cryptographic-computational",
      "readiness_level": "R3",
      "readiness_scope": "checking that recorded outputs came from the declared model and settings",
      "flags": [
        "provider-reported"
      ],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/mechanisms/sampled-inference-recomputation/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/mechanism/M-0001.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "M-0022",
      "type": "mechanism",
      "slug": "side-channel-suppression",
      "title": "Side-channel suppression for isolated facilities",
      "one_liner": "Shielding, filtering, jamming and inspecting an AI facility to limit hidden physical communication around monitored network links.",
      "category": "off-chip-devices",
      "readiness_level": "R1",
      "readiness_scope": "bounding physical covert channels out of a verified enclosure",
      "flags": [],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/mechanisms/side-channel-suppression/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/mechanism/M-0022.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "M-0017",
      "type": "mechanism",
      "slug": "tamper-evidence-for-verifier-devices",
      "title": "Tamper evidence for verifier devices",
      "one_liner": "Enclosures, seals and sensors that make physical interference with verification hardware either visible or self-defeating.",
      "category": "off-chip-devices",
      "readiness_level": "R2",
      "readiness_scope": "detecting tampering with verifier devices inside facilities the checked party controls",
      "flags": [],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/mechanisms/tamper-evidence-for-verifier-devices/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/mechanism/M-0017.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "M-0008",
      "type": "mechanism",
      "slug": "tee-remote-attestation",
      "title": "TEE remote attestation for AI workloads",
      "one_liner": "Trusted execution environments (TEEs) in CPUs and GPUs sign reports of loaded software, so a remote party can check which code ran an AI workload.",
      "category": "on-chip",
      "readiness_level": "R3",
      "readiness_scope": "showing which software ran to a party that distrusts the operator holding the hardware",
      "flags": [
        "provider-reported",
        "critical-flaw-open"
      ],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/mechanisms/tee-remote-attestation/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/mechanism/M-0008.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "M-0016",
      "type": "mechanism",
      "slug": "timed-challenge-response",
      "title": "Timed challenge-response and memory-occupation challenges",
      "one_liner": "A verifier sends unpredictable questions that a device can answer in time only if it holds specified data, or dedicates specified resources, locally.",
      "category": "cryptographic-computational",
      "readiness_level": "R2",
      "readiness_scope": "detecting whether a GPU is doing other work",
      "flags": [],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/mechanisms/timed-challenge-response/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/mechanism/M-0016.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "M-0021",
      "type": "mechanism",
      "slug": "workload-classification-from-telemetry",
      "title": "Workload classification from telemetry and side channels",
      "one_liner": "Telling whether chips are training, serving or doing non-AI work from GPU counters or power draw, signals that do not read weights or data.",
      "category": "remote-sensing",
      "readiness_level": "R2",
      "readiness_scope": "telling training from inference and other work, against an operator disguising workloads",
      "flags": [],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/mechanisms/workload-classification-from-telemetry/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/mechanism/M-0021.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "M-0004",
      "type": "mechanism",
      "slug": "zk-proofs-of-inference",
      "title": "Zero-knowledge proofs of inference",
      "one_liner": "A prover produces a cryptographic proof that an output came from running a committed model on a given input, without revealing the weights.",
      "category": "cryptographic-computational",
      "readiness_level": "R2",
      "readiness_scope": "proving each output came from committed weights, against a prover who cheats",
      "flags": [],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/mechanisms/zk-proofs-of-inference/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/mechanism/M-0004.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "M-0005",
      "type": "mechanism",
      "slug": "zk-proofs-of-training-constraints",
      "title": "Zero-knowledge proofs of training constraints",
      "one_liner": "Cryptographic proofs that a training run followed a committed dataset, procedure and rules, checkable without revealing the model or the data.",
      "category": "cryptographic-computational",
      "readiness_level": "R2",
      "readiness_scope": "proving a training run followed a committed specification and data",
      "flags": [],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/mechanisms/zk-proofs-of-training-constraints/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/mechanism/M-0005.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "I-0011",
      "type": "implementation",
      "slug": "ai-2040-inference-only-verification-plan",
      "title": "AI 2040 inference-only verification stack",
      "one_liner": "A proposed retrofit that isolates data-centre inference units, taps their front-end traffic and recomputes random samples to check that only declared inference runs.",
      "category": "isolation-architecture",
      "readiness_level": "R1",
      "readiness_scope": "showing that retrofitted data centres run only inference",
      "flags": [
        "provider-reported"
      ],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/implementations/ai-2040-inference-only-verification-plan/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/implementation/I-0011.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "I-0013",
      "type": "implementation",
      "slug": "apple-private-cloud-compute",
      "title": "Apple Private Cloud Compute",
      "one_liner": "Apple's cloud AI inference service, in which user devices send requests only to servers that attest to running software published in a public transparency log.",
      "category": "on-chip",
      "readiness_level": "R3",
      "readiness_scope": "showing users which software serves their AI requests, not which model",
      "flags": [
        "provider-reported"
      ],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/implementations/apple-private-cloud-compute/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/implementation/I-0013.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "I-0007",
      "type": "implementation",
      "slug": "attestable-audits",
      "title": "Attestable Audits",
      "one_liner": "A research prototype that runs AI safety benchmarks inside a trusted execution environment and publishes attestations binding the model, the audit and the results.",
      "category": "on-chip",
      "readiness_level": "R2",
      "readiness_scope": "showing users that the model answering them is the audited one",
      "flags": [
        "provider-reported"
      ],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/implementations/attestable-audits/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/implementation/I-0007.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "I-0005",
      "type": "implementation",
      "slug": "attestable-zk-inference",
      "title": "Attestable zero-knowledge inference prover",
      "one_liner": "Attestable's zero-knowledge prover, which the company reports proves large language model outputs came from committed weights at tens of tokens per second.",
      "category": "cryptographic-computational",
      "readiness_level": "R1",
      "readiness_scope": "proving an output came from committed weights",
      "flags": [
        "provider-reported"
      ],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/implementations/attestable-zk-inference/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/implementation/I-0005.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "I-0016",
      "type": "implementation",
      "slug": "batch-invariant-inference-kernels",
      "title": "Batch-invariant inference kernels (Thinking Machines)",
      "one_liner": "Open-source kernels from Thinking Machines Lab that make LLM outputs independent of batch size, adopted in vLLM and SGLang to give reproducible inference.",
      "category": "cryptographic-computational",
      "readiness_level": "R2",
      "readiness_scope": "exact recomputation of served outputs by a verifier, with a cooperating provider",
      "flags": [
        "provider-reported"
      ],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/implementations/batch-invariant-inference-kernels/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/implementation/I-0016.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "I-0002",
      "type": "implementation",
      "slug": "difr",
      "title": "DiFR (Divergence From Reference)",
      "one_liner": "DiFR checks that an inference provider ran its declared model by comparing output tokens or activations with a trusted re-run using the same random seed.",
      "category": "cryptographic-computational",
      "readiness_level": "R2",
      "readiness_scope": "checking that outputs match the declared model, precision and sampling settings",
      "flags": [
        "provider-reported"
      ],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/implementations/difr/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/implementation/I-0002.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "I-0014",
      "type": "implementation",
      "slug": "ezkl",
      "title": "EZKL",
      "one_liner": "EZKL is a library from Zkonduit that turns neural networks into zero-knowledge circuits, so a prover can show an output came from a committed model.",
      "category": "cryptographic-computational",
      "readiness_level": "R2",
      "readiness_scope": "proving an output came from a committed model, against a prover who cheats",
      "flags": [],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/implementations/ezkl/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/implementation/I-0014.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "I-0015",
      "type": "implementation",
      "slug": "gensyn-verde-repops",
      "title": "Verde and RepOps (Gensyn)",
      "one_liner": "Gensyn's system for checking delegated machine-learning jobs, which settles disagreements between providers by re-running a single operation with bitwise-reproducible operators.",
      "category": "cryptographic-computational",
      "readiness_level": "R3",
      "readiness_scope": "showing a delegated output came from the declared model, if one provider is honest",
      "flags": [
        "provider-reported"
      ],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/implementations/gensyn-verde-repops/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/implementation/I-0015.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "I-0012",
      "type": "implementation",
      "slug": "low-trust-compute-verification-system-overview",
      "title": "Low-trust AI compute verification system overview",
      "one_liner": "A retrofittable reference design in which network taps commit to all facility traffic, and air-gapped, independently sourced checkers later re-run randomly challenged records.",
      "category": "isolation-architecture",
      "readiness_level": "R1",
      "readiness_scope": "screening challenged records to show declared inference compute is not training",
      "flags": [
        "provider-reported"
      ],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/implementations/low-trust-compute-verification-system-overview/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/implementation/I-0012.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "I-0009",
      "type": "implementation",
      "slug": "lucid-location-certificates",
      "title": "Lucid sovereignty (location) certificates",
      "one_liner": "A draft specification, hosted by Lucid Computing, for short-lived certificates that bound where a workload runs by timing signed exchanges with fixed anchors.",
      "category": "accounting-provenance",
      "readiness_level": "R1",
      "readiness_scope": "certifying the region where an attested workload ran at a given time",
      "flags": [
        "provider-reported"
      ],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/implementations/lucid-location-certificates/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/implementation/I-0009.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "I-0004",
      "type": "implementation",
      "slug": "pearl-proof-of-useful-work",
      "title": "Pearl proof-of-useful-work blockchain",
      "one_liner": "A blockchain whose mining is designed to be a by-product of GPU matrix multiplications in AI workloads, with public node and miner code.",
      "category": "cryptographic-computational",
      "readiness_level": "R3",
      "readiness_scope": "proving GPUs did matrix-multiplication work in blockchain mining, not bounding spare capacity",
      "flags": [
        "provider-reported"
      ],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/implementations/pearl-proof-of-useful-work/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/implementation/I-0004.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "I-0017",
      "type": "implementation",
      "slug": "pysyft-double-blind-evaluations",
      "title": "PySyft double-blind evaluations",
      "one_liner": "PySyft coordinates an attested enclave where a model owner and evaluator run tests without sharing weights or private prompts.",
      "category": "cryptographic-computational",
      "readiness_level": "R2",
      "readiness_scope": "evaluating a private model on private prompts, neither party seeing the other's inputs",
      "flags": [
        "provider-reported"
      ],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/implementations/pysyft-double-blind-evaluations/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/implementation/I-0017.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "I-0010",
      "type": "implementation",
      "slug": "rand-secure-inference-data-centers",
      "title": "RAND secure inference data center (SIDC) design",
      "one_liner": "A RAND design for a purpose-built facility that serves already-trained AI models while protecting weights and inference data against state-level attackers.",
      "category": "isolation-architecture",
      "readiness_level": "R1",
      "readiness_scope": "the operator's own weight security, with no outside verification described",
      "flags": [
        "provider-reported"
      ],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/implementations/rand-secure-inference-data-centers/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/implementation/I-0010.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "I-0008",
      "type": "implementation",
      "slug": "sash-confidential-network-logger",
      "title": "SASH confidential network logger",
      "one_liner": "An open-source prototype that routes a facility's inference traffic through a logger and re-runs requests on a separate cluster to check it serves inference.",
      "category": "off-chip-devices",
      "readiness_level": "R1",
      "readiness_scope": "telling inference from training on a mutually inspected cluster",
      "flags": [
        "provider-reported"
      ],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/implementations/sash-confidential-network-logger/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/implementation/I-0008.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "I-0006",
      "type": "implementation",
      "slug": "tinfoil-model-identity",
      "title": "Tinfoil model identity (Modelwrap)",
      "one_liner": "Tinfoil's method for proving which model weights its enclave-hosted inference service runs, by binding a dm-verity hash of the weights into remote attestation.",
      "category": "cryptographic-computational",
      "readiness_level": "R3",
      "readiness_scope": "showing clients that the served weights match a committed hash",
      "flags": [
        "provider-reported",
        "critical-flaw-open"
      ],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/implementations/tinfoil-model-identity/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/implementation/I-0006.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "I-0001",
      "type": "implementation",
      "slug": "toploc",
      "title": "TOPLOC",
      "one_liner": "TOPLOC is a hashing scheme from Prime Intellect that lets a verifier check whether an inference provider ran the model, prompt and precision it claims.",
      "category": "cryptographic-computational",
      "readiness_level": "R3",
      "readiness_scope": "checking that untrusted providers used the claimed model, prompt and precision",
      "flags": [
        "provider-reported"
      ],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/implementations/toploc/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/implementation/I-0001.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "I-0003",
      "type": "implementation",
      "slug": "zkllm",
      "title": "zkLLM",
      "one_liner": "zkLLM is a GPU-accelerated zero-knowledge proof system that proves a large language model's output came from committed weights without revealing those weights.",
      "category": "cryptographic-computational",
      "readiness_level": "R2",
      "readiness_scope": "proving an output came from committed weights, against a prover who cheats",
      "flags": [
        "provider-reported"
      ],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/implementations/zkllm/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/implementation/I-0003.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "C-0008",
      "type": "claim",
      "slug": "bandwidth-is-bounded",
      "title": "Communication between compute groups is bounded",
      "one_liner": "Data flowing between specified groups of chips, or out of a facility, stays below a declared rate, so the groups cannot jointly run large workloads.",
      "category": null,
      "readiness_level": null,
      "readiness_scope": null,
      "flags": [],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-23",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/claims/bandwidth-is-bounded/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/claim/C-0008.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "C-0002",
      "type": "claim",
      "slug": "chips-are-where-declared",
      "title": "Chips are where they are declared to be",
      "one_liner": "Specific AI chips are physically located at the sites a party has declared, throughout the declared period.",
      "category": null,
      "readiness_level": null,
      "readiness_scope": null,
      "flags": [],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/claims/chips-are-where-declared/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/claim/C-0002.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "C-0001",
      "type": "claim",
      "slug": "compute-stock-is-bounded",
      "title": "Compute stock is at most a declared amount",
      "one_liner": "A party holds no more AI-relevant compute, counted in chips or equivalent capacity, than the total it has declared.",
      "category": null,
      "readiness_level": null,
      "readiness_scope": null,
      "flags": [],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/claims/compute-stock-is-bounded/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/claim/C-0001.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "C-0003",
      "type": "claim",
      "slug": "declared-hardware-is-idle",
      "title": "Declared hardware is idle or shut down",
      "one_liner": "Specified AI chips or facilities are not performing computation, or are powered off, throughout a declared period.",
      "category": null,
      "readiness_level": null,
      "readiness_scope": null,
      "flags": [],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/claims/declared-hardware-is-idle/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/claim/C-0003.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "C-0005",
      "type": "claim",
      "slug": "declared-model-is-served",
      "title": "The declared model is the one being served",
      "one_liner": "Outputs delivered to users or auditors come from the specific model, weights and configuration the provider declared, not from a substitute.",
      "category": null,
      "readiness_level": null,
      "readiness_scope": null,
      "flags": [],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/claims/declared-model-is-served/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/claim/C-0005.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "C-0004",
      "type": "claim",
      "slug": "inference-not-training",
      "title": "This compute runs inference, not training",
      "one_liner": "A declared cluster is used only to run existing models to produce outputs, and not to train new or more capable models.",
      "category": null,
      "readiness_level": null,
      "readiness_scope": null,
      "flags": [],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/claims/inference-not-training/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/claim/C-0004.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "C-0010",
      "type": "claim",
      "slug": "no-undeclared-compute",
      "title": "There is no undeclared relevant compute",
      "one_liner": "A party controls no AI-relevant computing hardware or facilities, above an agreed threshold, beyond those it has declared.",
      "category": null,
      "readiness_level": null,
      "readiness_scope": null,
      "flags": [],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/claims/no-undeclared-compute/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/claim/C-0010.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "C-0006",
      "type": "claim",
      "slug": "safeguards-were-applied",
      "title": "Declared safeguards were applied during inference",
      "one_liner": "Specified safety measures, such as input filters, output checks or monitoring, actually ran on the requests a deployed model served.",
      "category": null,
      "readiness_level": null,
      "readiness_scope": null,
      "flags": [],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/claims/safeguards-were-applied/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/claim/C-0006.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "C-0007",
      "type": "claim",
      "slug": "training-within-declared-limits",
      "title": "A training run stayed within declared limits",
      "one_liner": "A declared training run used no more compute than permitted and had its declared properties, such as data, hyperparameters and resulting weights.",
      "category": null,
      "readiness_level": null,
      "readiness_scope": null,
      "flags": [],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/claims/training-within-declared-limits/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/claim/C-0007.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "C-0009",
      "type": "claim",
      "slug": "weights-have-not-left",
      "title": "Model weights have not left the facility",
      "one_liner": "No copy of specified model weights has left a designated facility through networks, physical media or other channels.",
      "category": null,
      "readiness_level": null,
      "readiness_scope": null,
      "flags": [],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/claims/weights-have-not-left/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/claim/C-0009.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "K-0017",
      "type": "concept",
      "slug": "compartmentalization",
      "title": "Compartmentalization",
      "one_liner": "Dividing a facility's accelerators into groups with restricted communication between them, so that combining groups for large training runs becomes slow or impractical.",
      "category": null,
      "readiness_level": null,
      "readiness_scope": null,
      "flags": [],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/concepts/compartmentalization/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/concept/K-0017.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "K-0024",
      "type": "concept",
      "slug": "cryptographic-commitment",
      "title": "Cryptographic commitment",
      "one_liner": "A way to fix a value now without revealing it, so that it can later be opened and shown not to have changed.",
      "category": null,
      "readiness_level": null,
      "readiness_scope": null,
      "flags": [],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/concepts/cryptographic-commitment/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/concept/K-0024.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "K-0019",
      "type": "concept",
      "slug": "evidence-binding",
      "title": "Evidence binding",
      "one_liner": "Tying verification evidence to the specific device, workload, data and time it describes, so it cannot be substituted, replayed or misattributed.",
      "category": null,
      "readiness_level": null,
      "readiness_scope": null,
      "flags": [],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/concepts/evidence-binding/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/concept/K-0019.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "K-0023",
      "type": "concept",
      "slug": "flop-accounting",
      "title": "FLOP accounting",
      "one_liner": "Estimating or verifying how many floating-point operations a training run or other workload used, often to compare against a threshold in a rule.",
      "category": null,
      "readiness_level": null,
      "readiness_scope": null,
      "flags": [],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/concepts/flop-accounting/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/concept/K-0023.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "K-0007",
      "type": "concept",
      "slug": "hardware-enabled-mechanism",
      "title": "Hardware-enabled mechanism (HEM)",
      "one_liner": "A governance or verification function built into AI chips or closely attached hardware, such as usage reporting, location attestation or enforced limits.",
      "category": null,
      "readiness_level": null,
      "readiness_scope": null,
      "flags": [],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/concepts/hardware-enabled-mechanism/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/concept/K-0007.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "K-0025",
      "type": "concept",
      "slug": "inference-and-training-workloads",
      "title": "Inference and training workloads",
      "one_liner": "Training updates a model's weights from data. Inference uses fixed weights to produce outputs. Their different resource use underpins several verification methods.",
      "category": null,
      "readiness_level": null,
      "readiness_scope": null,
      "flags": [],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/concepts/inference-and-training-workloads/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/concept/K-0025.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "K-0021",
      "type": "concept",
      "slug": "interconnect-bandwidth",
      "title": "Interconnect bandwidth",
      "one_liner": "The data rate of links between accelerators or groups of them; large-scale training needs far more of it than inference, so limiting it constrains workloads.",
      "category": null,
      "readiness_level": null,
      "readiness_scope": null,
      "flags": [],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/concepts/interconnect-bandwidth/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/concept/K-0021.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "K-0014",
      "type": "concept",
      "slug": "network-tap",
      "title": "Network tap",
      "one_liner": "A device that copies the traffic on a network link for inspection without disrupting it; proposed for checking what AI data centres compute.",
      "category": null,
      "readiness_level": null,
      "readiness_scope": null,
      "flags": [],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/concepts/network-tap/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/concept/K-0014.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "K-0008",
      "type": "concept",
      "slug": "numerical-nondeterminism",
      "title": "Numerical nondeterminism",
      "one_liner": "Differences between runs, or between machines, in the results of the same AI computation, because floating-point rounding depends on the order of operations.",
      "category": null,
      "readiness_level": null,
      "readiness_scope": null,
      "flags": [],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/concepts/numerical-nondeterminism/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/concept/K-0008.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "K-0003",
      "type": "concept",
      "slug": "positive-and-negative-claims",
      "title": "Positive and negative claims",
      "one_liner": "A positive claim asserts that something is present or happened; a negative claim, that an activity or resource is absent; a mixed claim, both.",
      "category": null,
      "readiness_level": null,
      "readiness_scope": null,
      "flags": [],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/concepts/positive-and-negative-claims/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/concept/K-0003.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "K-0012",
      "type": "concept",
      "slug": "proof-of-space",
      "title": "Proof of space",
      "one_liner": "A protocol in which a prover shows that it is dedicating a given amount of storage or memory, rather than computation, to a task.",
      "category": null,
      "readiness_level": null,
      "readiness_scope": null,
      "flags": [],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/concepts/proof-of-space/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/concept/K-0012.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "K-0011",
      "type": "concept",
      "slug": "proof-of-useful-work",
      "title": "Proof of (useful) work",
      "one_liner": "Evidence that a party spent a given amount of computation; in useful variants, the same work can also solve a problem someone wants solved.",
      "category": null,
      "readiness_level": null,
      "readiness_scope": null,
      "flags": [],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/concepts/proof-of-useful-work/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/concept/K-0011.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "K-0001",
      "type": "concept",
      "slug": "prover",
      "title": "Prover",
      "one_liner": "The party that makes a claim about its own AI hardware, models or workloads and supplies the evidence a verifier checks.",
      "category": null,
      "readiness_level": null,
      "readiness_scope": null,
      "flags": [],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/concepts/prover/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/concept/K-0001.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "K-0009",
      "type": "concept",
      "slug": "recomputation",
      "title": "Recomputation",
      "one_liner": "Checking a claimed computation by re-running all of it, or a random sample, on hardware the verifier trusts and comparing the results.",
      "category": null,
      "readiness_level": null,
      "readiness_scope": null,
      "flags": [],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/concepts/recomputation/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/concept/K-0009.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "K-0004",
      "type": "concept",
      "slug": "remote-attestation",
      "title": "Remote attestation",
      "one_liner": "A process in which a device sends signed evidence about its state, such as software measurements, so a remote party can judge its trustworthiness.",
      "category": null,
      "readiness_level": null,
      "readiness_scope": null,
      "flags": [],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/concepts/remote-attestation/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/concept/K-0004.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "K-0005",
      "type": "concept",
      "slug": "root-of-trust",
      "title": "Root of trust",
      "one_liner": "A component that anchors security functions such as measurement, storage and reporting, and must be trusted because its misbehaviour cannot be detected.",
      "category": null,
      "readiness_level": null,
      "readiness_scope": null,
      "flags": [],
      "status": "published",
      "last_reviewed": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/concepts/root-of-trust/",
      "json": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/api/v1/concept/K-0005.json"
    },
    {
      "id": "K-0020",
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